Attitudes Toward Self

The Attitudes Toward Self (ATS) Instrument measures three constructs:

Holding of overly high standards
The tendency to be self-critical at any failure to perform well
The tendency to generalize from a single failure to the broader sense of self-worth

Evidence that generalization is a prospective predictor of depression in interaction with adverse events has also been found, but not mania, suggesting a divergence among vulnerabilities to the two sides of bipolar disorder.

Citation

Attitudes Toward Self (ATS) was developed by Carver, C. S., La Voie, L., Kuhl, J., & Ganellen, R. J. (1988).

Cognitive concomitants of depression: A further examination of the roles of generalization, high standards, and self-criticism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7, 350-365.

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